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トランプ大統領が発した中東・アフリカ7か国の国籍を有する者の入国を停止する大統領令に抗議し、即時撤回を求める会長声明

2017年02月08日

東京弁護士会 会長 小林 元治

1 アメリカ合衆国(以下「米国」という。)のトランプ大統領が本年1月27日、「外国のテロリストによる入国からアメリカを守るための大統領令」(以下「大統領令」という。)を発し、シリア、イラク、イラン、リビア、ソマリア、スーダン及びイエメンの7か国の国籍を有する者の入国を90日間、すべての難民の受け入れを120日間(シリア出身の難民については無期限)、それぞれ停止した。
2 世界各地で特定7か国市民が米国行フライトに搭乗できない事態が相次いだほか、米国に到着しても入国できず、更には出国を余儀なくされるケースまで報告されている。当初は米国の永住権を有する者も一律に対象とされ、現在も永住権以外の滞在資格を有する者が引き続き対象とされるなど、市民・企業活動に大きな支障が生じている。
我が国の民間航空会社も一時、特定7か国の国籍を有する者を米国行き便に搭乗させない措置を講じるなど、混乱は我が国にも及んでいる。
3 かかる入国制限に異を唱えた米国司法長官代行が即刻解任された一方、ニューヨークやカリフォルニアなど15州とワシントンDCの司法長官らが共同で大統領令は違憲であると非難したほか、西部ワシントン州の連邦地方裁判所が全米で大統領令を一時的に差し止める決定を下し、控訴審に係属中であり、結果如何にかかわらず、一時差し止めについて連邦最高裁判所まで争われることもある。さらに、本案訴訟についても同様に連邦最高裁判所まで争われる可能性が高く、大統領令をめぐる紛争は今後相当長期化し、混乱が継続することも想定される。
4 特定7か国はいずれも長期化する内戦等により政情不安定下にあり、多くの市民が難民として国外に流出している国である。米国に庇護を求め、かつ難民該当性のある者を認定のうえ入国させないことは、米国が加盟している「難民の地位に関する条約」(以下「難民条約」という。)に違反する。
5 大統領令は、イスラム教徒の多い特定7か国のみを対象としたものであり、国連憲章が全ての加盟国に対し、人種や宗教による差別のないすべての者のための人権及び基本的自由の尊重及び遵守という国連の目的の一つを達成するため、国連と協力して共同及び個別の行動をとることを求めていることに反する。
 また、人種や民族に着目しての発令であれば、人種差別撤廃条約(あらゆる形態の人種差別の撤廃に関する国際条約)第2条1項(a)にも違反する。
さらに、大統領令は、米国内に暮らすイスラム教徒の不安をあおり、ひいては信教の自由を保障する世界人権宣言第18条や市民的及び政治的権利に関する国際規約第18条1項にも違反する。
6 よって、当会は、自由、民主主義、人権をはじめとする法の支配と国際人権尊重の見地から、難民条約、国連憲章及び国連の人権諸条約等に違反する大統領令に抗議し、その即時撤回を強く求めるものである。

印刷用PDFはこちら(PDF:96KB)

President's Statement Protesting Executive Order to Suspend the Entry of those who have nationality of seven Middle East / African Countries issued by President Trump, and Calling for its Immediate Retraction

1 President Trump of the United States of America (hereinafter referred to as "the United States") issued an "Executive Order of Protecting the Nation from Foreign Terrorist Entry into the United States" (hereinafter referred to as the "Executive Order") on January 27, 2017, and suspended the entry of those who have nationality of seven countries - Syria, Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan and Yemen - for 90 days and the admission of all refugees for 120 days (Indefinitely for Syrian refugees).
2 It was reported that citizens of these particular seven countries could not take a flight for the United States in various places around the world. It was also reported that they were disallowed to enter the country even if they arrived in the United States, and that some of them were forced to depart. Initially, those who hold a permanent residence permit in the United States were also targeted, and even now those who are qualified to stay by other qualification than permanent residence permit continue to be targeted. As a result, citizen and corporate activities are greatly affected.
The civil airlines in Japan also temporarily took steps to prevent people with nationality of these particular seven countries from boarding flights to the United States. Therefore it caused chaos in Japan as well.
3 While the Deputy Attorney General of the United States was dismissed instantly who opposed such entry restrictions, the Attorneys General of 15 states including New York and California and Washington DC issued a joint statement and criticized the Executive Order as unconstitutional. Also, the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington ordered a nationwide temporary halt of the Executive Order and the case is pending at the appellate court. Whatever the Court of Appeals decides, the case may end up in the Supreme Court of the United States. Furthermore, there is a high possibility that the lawsuit on the merits ends up at the Supreme Court of the United States as well. Thus, the dispute over the Executive Order may last long and the confusion may continue.
4 All seven countries identified by the Executive Order have been under political instability due to the long civil wars, and many citizens have been flowing out of the country as refugees. When people with refugee qualification ask for asylum in the United States, banning them from entering the country while recognizing their refugee status is a violation of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (hereinafter referred to as the "Refugee Convention"), of which the United States is one of the members.
5 The Executive Order only targeted only citizens from seven Muslim-majority countries in particular, and it is contrary to the Chapter of United Nations that seeks all Member States to take joint and separate action in cooperation with the organization for achievement of one of the purposes of the United Nations objectives: respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race or religion.
Also, if it is an announcement focusing on race or ethnic group, it also violates Article 2 (1) (a) of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (International Treaty on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination).
In addition, Executive Order causes the fear of escalating tensions with Muslims in the United States and thus violates Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights that guarantees freedom of religion and Article 18, Paragraph 1 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
6 Therefore, our bar association hereby protests the Executive Order that violates the Refugees Convention, the Charter of the United Nations and the Conventions on Human Rights of the United Nations, from the standpoint of the rule of law including freedom, democracy, human rights and respects of international human rights, and therefore strongly calls for its immediate retraction.

February 8, 2017
Motoji Kobayashi
President, Tokyo Bar Association